Explain the possible reasons for the fall of the Indus civilization. Why would such a strong civilization fall apart?

The four reasons for the fall of the Indus Valley civilizations are;

The adjoining desert overstepped on the productive area and made it barren.

Natural floods devastated the civilization.

Aryan invaders killed people and ruined the Indus Valley Civilization. The Aryans existed in villages and knew nothing of urban life. Thus it took centuries to build again the beautiful cities similar to Mohen-Jo-Daro and Harappa.

The end was partially prompted by shifting river patterns as argued by historians. Certain changes involved the drying up of the Hakra River and differences in the direction of the Indus River. The river pattern changes disturbed agricultural and industrial systems, which was also known as one of the reasons for its decline.

Moreover, earthquakes and Epidemics also caused devastation

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.

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