Determine whether each of the following taxes is proportional, regressive, or progressive.

a. an income tax of 25 percent on income from all sources. this tax is .

b. an income tax with three brackets and corresponding marginal tax rates: 10 percent for income up to $50,000; 20 percent for income up to $100,000; and 30 percent for income over $100,000. this tax is .

c. a fee of $500 per year for municipal services, charged to everyone who lives within the city limits. this tax is .

d. a capital gains tax that charges a flat rate of 40 percent, but only on capital gains over $1 million. this tax is .

e. a payroll tax of 10 percent on income under $200,000. this tax is .

Which of the following is intended to demonstrate to an employer the importance of cooperating with workers? a. a collective agreement. b. a stock offer. c. a boost in production. d. a work slowdown. 2b2t

4. suppose that pollution in a neighborhood comes from two factories, with marginal benefit curves given by mb1 = 12 – p1 and mb2 = 8 – p2. the level of pollution in the neighborhood is given by p = p1 + p2. the government wants to limit pollution by instituting a pollution-rights market. the government’s desired level of p is 10, so it prints 10 pollution rights and offers them for sale to the firms.a)find the equilibrium selling price of a pollution right, as well as the allocation of rights (and hence pollution levels) across the two factories. b)repeat part (a) for the case where the government’s desired level of pollution equals 14. c)comment on the usefulness of a pollution rights market in achieving efficient levels of pollution abatement.

Suppose that xtel currently is selling at $40 per share. you buy 500 shares using $15,000 of your own money, borrowing the remainder of the purchase price from your broker. the rate on the margin loan is 8%. a. what is the percentage increase in the net worth of your brokerage account if the price of xtel immediately changes to (a) $44; (b) $40; (c) $36? (leave no cells blank - be certain to enter "0" wherever required. negative values should be indicated by a minus sign. round your answers to 2 decimal places.) b. if the maintenance margin is 25%, how low can xtel’s price fall before you get a margin call? (round your answer to 2 decimal places.) c. how would your answer to requirement 2 would change if you had financed the initial purchase with only $10,000 of your own money? (round your answer to 2 decimal places.) d. what is the rate of return on your margined position (assuming again that you invest $15,000 of your own money) if xtel is selling after one year at (a) $44; (b) $40; (c) $36? (negative values should be indicated by a minus sign. round your answers to 2 decimal places.) e. continue to assume that a year has passed. how low can xtel’s price fall before you get a margin call? (round your answer to 2 decimal places.)