An employee has been told that he will be eligible for a large bonus if his current project is a success. he knows that the project will take a lot of work and effort, but believes he can reach success. he also could really use the bonus income. however, he is not highly motivated because he has some doubts about how fairly "success" will be measured by the corporate hierarchy, who have a reputation for finding loopholes to deny employee bonuses. this situation illustrates a situation with low

instrumentality

Explanation:

It is related to Vroom expectancy motivation theory, which assumes that behaviour result from conscious choices among alternatives, it purpose is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Vroom used the variables Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence in order to set his theory.

Expectancy: Related to the belief that increased effort  means that the performance also increase. For example: if you work harder then you have better results.

Instrumentality: Belief that if a person perform well then he or she would receive  a valued outcome. It sets the degree to which a first level outcome has to lead to a second level outcome. For example: If you do a good job, then it has something for you on it.

Valence: Represents the importance that the individual place has upon expected outcome. For it to be positive, the person should prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example: If what motivates you is money, then you are not going to value offers such as additional time off.

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