Acomparison survey of americans smokers and non-smokers found that

American smokers spend more on packets of cigarettes than Americans that don't smoke. American smokers also have a higher risk to Lung cancer

What was the length to begin with?

Ongoing civil wars western roman empire finally collapsed476 c.e. romulus, the last of theroman  emperors in  the west, was overthrown by the germanic leader odoacer, who became the first barbarian to rule in rome. the order that the  roman empire  had brought towestern  europe for 1000 years was no more.