What made it possible to develop trade with cultures across the desert?

The ceremonial column.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

The correct answer is "  it was believed that the dispute emerged in 632 just after the death of the prophet muhammad."