Which of the following words mean "loyalty and devotion"? A. Citizenship
B. Allegiance
C. Naturalization
D. Immigration

B. Allegiance

Explanation:

We know that citizenship has to do with one's position in a country, so that's out. Naturalization is the process of getting citizenship, which we can also cross out. Immigration means to move from a different location, and we can coss that out. This leaves us with Allegiance, which means loyalty and devotion because to pledge allegiance is to devote yourself.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

answer; observing;