The appearance of new technologies in Europe after the 11th century produced a variety of social consequences, both progressive and problematical. For example, the heavy plow made it possible to farm new lands, particularly the rich, alluvial soils on the European plain, and this ability helps account for the northward shift of European agriculture in the Middle Ages. Among the social impacts of the employment of the heavy plow, one can refer to

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the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)

mammals. mammals of the piedmont region live in several habitats such as wetlands, fields and forests. raccoons live across the state including the piedmont. they've adapted to environmental changes, including the loss of natural habitat.