Federal and state elections in the u. s. are governed by .
a. proportional representation
b. winner-take-all rules in single-member
c. districts winner-take-all in multimember
d. districts proportional representation with run-off elections

b. winner-take-all rules in single-member

Explanation:

Winner-take-all rule is one of the plurality/majority voting system adopted by the United States. In this system, when a single candidate gets the majority of votes at the electoral college, he automatically wins all the states votes and it applies to a single member of the party.

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