Astyle of policing that emphasizes centralized police organizations, increased use of technology, and a limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines was known as the:

Professionalism or Professional Model

Explanation:

Professionalism is a policing style which came around 1929 when President Herbert Hoover set up the National Commission on Law Enforcement to review the Criminal Justice System in America.

The Commission headed by George Wickersham at the time, focused on two critical aspects of the system: Corrupting influence of politics and police brutality. The reformation that was introduced to combat these issues emphasized centralized police organisation, use of technology among others was called Professionalism or the Professional Model.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.

even though you have attached neither the chart nor the generalizations, i have located them online. the right answer is d, since they are asking you about a generalization. you can only infer from the chart that between 2008 and 2009 the number of employed workers decreased significantly (from over 115 millions to 107 millions approximately), which signals some type of economic crisis.