Vic began his career as a police officer as a "straight-laced cop." in the beginning, he always made good arrests, never took bribes, and was as impartial as possible. as time went on, he became jaded with the job. he started doing favors for restaurants that gave him free food. after a while, he got into the habit of ticketing people who wronged him and his friends. vic is an example of:

The answer is: the iron law of oligarchy

the iron law of oligarchy refers to the theory that all forms of organization would eventually filled with people that eventually taking advantage of their position in the organization in order to take as much benefit as they can, no matter how democratic that organization started off with.

This theory is based on basic human nature that tend to have tendencies to never develop a sense of satisfaction and had overwhelming desire to keep acquiring more in our life. We can see this in Vic's attitude that start to leverage his position to gain favor.

i am pretty sure it is d.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.