What were the origins and contributions of the major islamic empires?

There were a number of powerful Muslims Empires throughout history including:

1. The Rashidun Caliphate

2. The Abbasids

3.  Umayyad Caliphate

4. Fatimid Caliphate

5. Ottomans

6. Seljuks 

7. Safavid dynasty 

and many others.

Most of the earl powerful Empire were Arabic in Origin, however later ones such as the Ottomans originated from the Turks, the Safavid's from the Persians and the Mughals from the Turko-Mongols.

The early Muslims rulers saw what is known as the 'Golden Age of Islam' where Muslims made revolutionary strides in developing 

a) Modern Agricultural methods
b) Medicine
c) Early form of Surgery
d) Advanced Mathematics, Trigonometry and Algebra
e) Navigation techniques and advanced Astrology

Iwould say all the above personally but i think the desert would be d