Which observation would be evidence that heat was transferred by radiation?

The rigid beam is supported by the three suspender bars. bars ab and ef are made of aluminum and bar cd is made of steel. if each bar has a cross-sectional area of 450 mm2, determine the maximum value of p if the allowable stress is (σallow)st = 200 mpa for the steel and ( σallow)al = 150 mpa for the aluminum. est = 200 gpa and eal = 70 gpa.

Unpolarized light of intensity i_0=750w/m^2 is incident upon two polarizers. after passing through both polarizers the intensity is i_2=280w/m^2. (a) what is the intensity of the light after it passes through the first polarizer in w/m^2? (b) write an equation for the angle between the polarizers in terms of the initial (i_0) and final (i_2) intensities. (c) find the angle between the polarizers in degrees.

What are similarities and differences between refraction, reflection, diffraction and absorption?