Irina finds an unlabeled box of fine needles, and wants to determine how thick they are. A standard ruler will not do the job, as each needle is less than a millimeter thick. So, to find the thickness, she uses a needle to poke a hole in a piece of brown construction paper. Then, she positions a 657 nm 657 nm laser pointer to shine through the hole and project a circular diffraction pattern on a wall 23.7 m 23.7 m away. She then uses her ruler to measure that the central bright circle is 16.2 cm 16.2 cm in diameter. What diameter does Irina calculate for the needle?

Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. a third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 52-degree angle with the axis of the first polarizer. a) what fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted through the first polaroid? b) what fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted through the second polaroid? c) what is the angle of polarization of the light that enters the third polaroid? d) what fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted through the third polaroid. e) what happens if the middle polaroid is removed?

Atelevision set that has been running for a while heats up even the air around it. which two laws of thermodynamics could be used to analyze this scenario

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