In the final stages of production, a pharmaceutical is sterilized by heating it from 25 to 75°c as it moves at 0.14 m/s through a straight thin-walled stainless steel tube of 12.7-mm diameter. a uniform heat flux is maintained by an electric resistance heater wrapped around the outer surface of the tube. if the tube is 10 m long, what is the required heat flux? if fluid enters the tube with a fully developed velocity profile and a uniform temperature profile, what is the surface temperature at the tube exit? fluid properties may be approximated as 1000 kg/m3, 4000 j/kg·k, 2 × 10-3 kg/s·m, 0.8 w/m·k, and 10.

im guessing the west of station b

speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s

speed of light in other mediums is given by the expression v = c/n, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n is the refractive index of medium.

for the first medium v = 200,000 km/s

  so, refractive index of medium = 300000/200000 = 1.5

    1.5 refractive index is usually for glass. so first medium is glass.

for the second medium v = 250,00 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/250000 = 1.2

    1.2 refractive index is usually for water. so second medium is water.

for the third medium v = 0 km/s

so, refractive index of medium = 300000/0 = ∞

    ∞ refractive index is usually for opaque mediums. so third medium is opaque medium.

this would be about 43%