Derivatives concept:
Exercises using the definition of derivatives:

(Full development)

(A) f(x) = 7 is constant, so f(x + h) = 7, too, which makes f(x + h) - f(x) = 0. So f'(x) = 0.

(B) f(x) = 5x + 1   ==>   f(x + h) = 5 (x + h) + 1 = 5x + 5h + 1

==>   f(x + h) - f(x) = 5h

Then

(C) f(x) = x ² + 3   ==>   f(x + h) = (x + h)² + 3 = x ² + 2xh + h ² + 3

==>   f(x + h) - f(x) = 2xh + h ²

(D) f(x) = x ² + 4x - 1   ==>   f(x + h) = (x + h)² + 4 (x + h) - 1 = x ² + 2xh + h ² + 4x + 4h - 1

==>   f(x + h) - f(x) = 2xh + h ² + 4h