How did the industrial revolution affect european societies during the 18th and 19th centuries? a. before the industrial revolution, european industries relied on manual labor to produce goods, but afterward, they began relying on machines. b. before the industrial revolution, europe's urban centers were growing, but afterward, they became smaller as people moved away from polluted cities. c. before the industrial revolution, europeans imported most of their manufactured goods from other countries, but afterward, they produced most of their own goods. d. before the industrial revolution, europeans had a broad variety of jobs, but afterward, they worked mainly in agriculture or in factories.