Pretend you are a new scientist studying the past. Your assignment is to utilize the geologic scale as your main tool for research. What important functions does the geologic time scale serve to you? What will you be able to share with others from utilizing it?

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-lavira: )

there are approximately 11 million illegal immigrants living in the united states.

the argument to restrict immigration is based on the perspective of protecting the safety and employment of the american people. president trump proposes to create a wall on the border with mexico, where there is the largest influx of illegal immigrants into the country.

the liberal perspective, however, is based on the argument that the us was founded by immigrants who came to build a better life with their families. in this sense, there is a special concern with the definitive legalization of "dreamers", young people who have arrived in the country as children. another important point is the concern not to cause traumas with the separation of relatives. making immigration more open would also be a good point to stimulate diversity in the us.

board of education v. earls, 536 u.s. 822 (2002), was a united states supreme court case in which the court upheld the constitutionality of mandatory drug testing by public schools of students participating in extracurricular activities. the legal challenge to the practice was brought by two students, lindsay earls and daniel james, and their families against the school board of tecumseh, oklahoma, alleging that their policy requiring students to consent to random urinalysis testing for drug use violated the fourth amendment to the united states constitution.

the student activities drug testing policy adopted by the tecumseh, oklahoma school district requires all middle and high school students to consent to urinalysis testing for drugs in order to participate in any extracurricular activity. two tecumseh high school students and their parents brought suit, alleging that the policy violates the fourth amendment. the district court granted the school district summary judgment. in reversing, the court of appeals held that the policy violated the fourth amendment. the appellate court concluded that before imposing a suspicionless drug-testing program a school should demonstrate some identifiable drug abuse problem among a sufficient number of those tested, such that testing that group will actually redress its drug problem, which the school district failed to demonstrate.

in a majority opinion delivered by justice clarence thomas, the court held that students in extracurricular activities had a diminished expectation of privacy, and that the policy furthered an important interest of the school in preventing drug use among students. this rationale was based on the precedent vernonia school district 47j v. acton (1995), which allowed drug testing for athletes. justice stephen breyer filed an opinion concurring in the court's judgment.

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