•sought to bring their age out of disorder and disunity •placed a greater emphasis on individual achievement • tried to understand the world with more accuracy
•trade assumed greater importance than before. •navigators sailed across the oceans. •scientists viewed the universe in new ways. • writers and artists experimented with
new techniques.
italy’s central location make it a
center for the trade of goods and ideas.•focused on worldly issues, not religion •believed education should stimulate creativity •emphasized the humanities, such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history •these families brought trade and wealth, and provided leadership.
• they were interested
in art and emphasized personal achievement. •they were patrons of the arts and supported artists, writers, and scholars.•lorenzo d’medici invited poets, philosophers, and artists to the city. •florence became a leader, with numerous gifted artists, poets, architects, and scientists.•donatello created a life-size soldier on horseback, the first sculpture of this size since ancient times. •in the school of athens, raphael painted a gathering
of greek and roman scholars that included the faces of michelangelo, leonardo, and himself.•objects were portrayed in a three-dimensional fashion. •painters studied human anatomy and drew from observing models, resulting in more accuracy.leonardo da vinci was an artist and inventor. he studied botany, optics, anatomy, architecture, and engineering. he left sketchbooks filled with ideas for inventions, including submarines and flying machines. michelangelo buonarroti was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
•he is best known for sculptures such as david and for painting the ceiling of the sistine chapel. •he also designed the dome for st. peter’s cathedral.•men played music and knew literature and history, but were not arrogant. women were kind, graceful, and lively, and possessed outward beauty.•rather than discuss high ideals, he stressed that the ends justify the means. •“machiavellian” has come to refer to the use of deceit in politics. he was attacked as cynical. • others said he was simply providing a realistic look at politics.
a new age dawned in western europe, given expression by remarkable artists and thinkers. this age is called the renaissance, meaning “rebirth.” it began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. the renaissance marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern world.
