EUROPE IN MIDDLE AGES
how did they treat and prevent illness?

Attempts to prevent illness and disease have changed over the centuries due to improvements in medical knowledge and preventive medicine becoming increasingly successful. How effective were attempts to prevent illness and disease over time?

In medieval times, knowledge about the causes of disease was limited, so there was little chance of preventing it.

There were very few doctors. In the early medieval period, most of them were educated men from the higher ranks of society who learned through practice rather than by attending a medical school.

By the late Middle Ages, however, anyone wanting to become a doctor had to train at one of the medical schools that were opening across Europe, eg in Oxford University in 1220. These trained doctors were often known as 'physicians'.

In Wales, the most famous medieval doctors were the physicians of Myddfai, a family who passed down medical knowledge over the generations from the 13th to the 18th centuries. They made herbal remedies, operated on wounds and used astrology to treat their patients.

Attempts by doctors to prevent disease were limited for a number of reasons.

They accepted the ideas of the ancient Greeks, eg Hippocrates and Galen, which they never questioned.

They relied heavily on observation and questioning of the patient. They could listen to the lungs, or take a pulse, but had no medical instruments to help diagnosis. They carried posies, oranges or lighted tapers with them to counteract the miasmas which they thought spread disease.

They used urine charts to help diagnose illness. Urine was thought to contain any excesses of bad humours so, after inspecting urine for colour, smell or sometimes taste, they would attempt a diagnosis.

Treatments were based on the theory of the four humours. Keeping the humours in balance, they thought, would prevent illness, or help treat a patient who was ill.

They called on astrology to determine the best treatment. It was believed the position of the moon and planets influenced the humours and when patients should have blood let.

The Church taught that everything was divinely inspired by God, and that illness was a punishment for evil. Church leaders were suspicious of anything scientific, as it might challenge the authority of the church. When the priest, Roger Bacon, suggested that doctors should do their own research instead of accepting what Galen had said, church leaders put him in prison for heresy.

native americans suffered high rates of poverty and unemployment.

during the late 1960s and early 1970sthe need for political militancy grew among the native americans. throughout the 1960s, they had been the nation's poorest minority group, the most deprived group, according to practically every socioeconomic measure. in 1970, the indian unemployment rate was 10 times the national average, and 40 percent of the native american people were below the poverty line.