According to current scientific thinking, how did the solar system that contains Earth form?

As a result of the big bang, matter in the solar system began to experience a series of fusion reactions. These fusion reactions created a number of new elements and minerals that combined in different proportions to make the sun, the stars, the moons, and the planets of the solar system.

A series of supernova events that occurred about 14 billion years ago scattered elements in a cloud of dust and gases. Out of the dust and gases, elements recombined to form the sun. Energy from the sun then prompted other elements to combine in different ways, depending on the distance from the sun, forming planets, moons, and stars with unique properties.

The dust and gas particles of a slowly rotating nebula gradually came together to form a cloud with a huge central bulge surrounded by a flat ring of dust and gas. The sun was formed from the material in the bulge. The flat ring became several rings. In each ring, a planet formed and continued to revolve around the sun in the plane of the ring it came from.

Rapid radioactive decay freed the solar system of excess dusts and gases. Once these were removed, the remaining particles and atoms were able to be magnetically attracted to each other to form planets, moons, and stars with their own gravitational forces. The amount of gravitational force determined the orbital path and distance from the sun.