Hich early president passed the unpopular alien & sedition acts, which restricted people speaking out against the government and allowed him to deport foreigners?

The correct answer is President John Adams who signed it into law in 1798.

The unpopular Alien & Sedition Acts were passed by President Adams. The Federalist Congress that passed the Law argued at the time that these Acts strengthened national security in a time in which  a state of almost war existed between the USA and France.

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)