How many european nations had established colonies on the atlantic coast by the middle of the seventeenth century?

By the mid seventeenth century there were six European countries that established colonies that were mostly or partially on the Atlantic coast. This includes colonies on three continents, North America, South America, and Africa. The six countries are:

British Empire; Mainly focused on the North American continent.

France; Focused on the western coast of Africa and part of North America.

Spain; Focused on the Central part of America and part of the eastern coast of South America.

Portugal; Focused on the eastern coast of South America.

Belgium; It had Congo under its rule and a very little part of the western coast of Africa.

The Netherlands; Focused on the Caribbean Islands and little part of the eastern coast of South America.

the answer is a. laws were enacted in the aftermath of the plot to make it harder to free slaves,increasing sectionalism

`stare decisis is a legal doctrine that obligates courts to follow historical cases when making a ruling on a similar current or future case. stare decisis ensures that cases with identical facts be approached in the same way, unless overruled by the same court or a higher court such as the us supreme court. simply put, it binds courts to follow legal precedents set by previous decisions.

stare decisis is a latin term meaning "to stand by that which is decided".