As noted in Chapter 14, the exhaust and fly ash from the burning of coal releases many toxic chemicals harmful to life, including humans. For example, mercury is released into the atmosphere and is concentrated in animal tissues, leading to serious health problems such as neurological disorders. These indirect costs associated with the use of coal best represent

definition

                    entropy is a measure of the randomness or the extent of disorder of a chemical process.

                      enthalpy is a measure of the heat change of a reaction occurring at a constant pressure.

measurement units:

                        entropy is measured in joule per kelvin (jk⁻¹)   whereas enthalpy is measured in joule per mole (jmol⁻¹)

requirements:

                            entropy has no requirements or limits, and its change is measured by the division between the heat change of the chemical process and the temperature.

                              in contrast, enthalpy can only be related to the heat change of the reaction under standard conditions.

c. electrical charges of ionic bonds.

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