Many industry initiatives have attempted to create efficiency and effectiveness through the integration of supply chain activities and processes. among the various initiatives is/are
a. quick response (qr)
b. vendor-managed inventory (vmi)
c. efficient consumer response (ecr)
d. all of these answers

D) all of these answer

Explanation:

for creating chain management we need to have

1) Quick response (QR) -  is refer to that bar code which is used to track information for any products. this type of bar code is mainly used in shopping or buying in any product.

Bar code is a code in which information is store which can be used further in market.

2) vendor managed inventory -  in this information provided by customer to the  vendor about any product.

3) Efficient consumer response -   it is a mutual coordination  between producer, wholesaler to fastened and feasible the service to customer.