All of the following are simplified principles for recognizing and measuring assets, liabilities, income, and expenses for smes under ifrs except:

a. borrowing costs are expensed as incurred.

b. all development costs are expensed as incurred.

c. actuarial gains and losses for defined benefit plans may be either recognized immediately or deferred and amortized.

d. goodwill is amortized over its useful life.

e. the cost model for property, plant, and equipment must be used.