All of these terms except contribute to natural selection. a) cladograms b) coevolution c) mass extinctions d) adaptive radiation

Option A, cladograms

Explanation:

Cladogram is basically a tool that is used to represent the phylogenetic relationship between organisms. Here the organisms are represented in a diagram with a hypothetical relationship among them . It has no contribution in the change of morphology, analogy or genotype of any of the organsim represented in it. Hence, cladogram is just a method to study the relationship between organism.

While all three coevolution, adaptive radiation and even mass extinction bring changes in the species in some or the other form with time.

Hence, option A is correct

the two answers are a, the population of birds with large beaks will increase on the island, and c, the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection. the reason for that is because if the birds that have beaks developed for eating small seeds lose all of their food, they will go hungry and eventually starve because they physically cannot eat the large seeds, therefore making the population of large beaked birds higher. also, if the trait of large beaks are dominant on the island over small beaks, then over time the large beaked birds will reproduce more and more, while the smaller beaked birds will reproduce less and less because they can't survive with the food provided. that leads to the trait of small beaks disappearing and the trait of large beaks taking over the island.