Name three mechanisms that can increase cardiac output. Explain the effect on blood flow of mitral valve incompetence. Explain the importance/function for each of the following: a. High elastic fiber content in the aorta b. Smooth muscle in the arterioles c. Extensive capillaries in the liver and lungs d. Valves in the leg veins Differentiate angina from myocardial infarction with regard to its cause and the characteristics of pain associated with it. If you had a client with persistent chest pain following rest and administration of nitroglycerin, what action would you take

Mechanism that can increase cardiac output :  

Effect on blood flow of mitral valve incompetence:

As the mitral valve is present between left atrium and ventricle, its incompetence results in backflow accumulation of the blood in right atrium during ventricular systole and thus resulting in less blood entering the aorta.

Explain the importance/function for each of the following:

a. High elastic fiber content in the aorta :  In order to maintain proper pressures,aorta should be able to expand during systole and recoil during diastole. Hence the high elastic fibre in the aorta allows it to do so.

b. Smooth muscle in the arterioles: The flow into the capillaries is controlled allowed by the smooth muscle in arterioles resulting in the contaration of wall of arterioles.

c. Extensive capillaries in the liver and lungs:

Capillaries facilitating the gas exchange in the lungs and also facilitating the removal of waste products from the blood through the action of the liver

d. Valves in the leg veins Differentiate angina from myocardial infarction with regard to its cause and the characteristics of pain associated with it:

Valves will prevent the pooling of blood in the lower extremities due to gravity and facilitate the constant steady flow to the heart.

If you had a client with persistent chest pain following rest and administration of nitroglycerin, We would Call for assistance and transport the person to the hospital. Treat as for shock, and give oxygen if available.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.