Both crystal violet and safranin are basic stains and may be used to do simple stains on gram-positive and gram-negative cells. This being the case, explain how they end up staining Gram-positive and gram-negative cells differently in the gram stain

Both the stain which is used in gram staining may be used to do simple stains on gram-positive and gram-negative cells but gram-positive bacteria end beings stained violet and gram-negative being stained pink because of the composition of their cell wall.

As the gram-positive bacteria have an outer thick layer of peptidoglycan it is not decolorized after destaining step and the mordant iodine also helps it to do that but as the gram-negative bacteria have outer LPS layer in cell wall so it get decolorized after destaining as alcohol in destaining step degrades some LPS layer.

So after counter staining the gram-negative bacteria appears pink and gram-negative bacteria retain crystal violet so they appear purple.

the oceanic zone is typically defined as the area of the ocean lying beyond the continental shelf, but operationally is often referred to as beginning where the water depths drop to below 100 meters (328 feet), seaward from the coast to the open ocean.

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