Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
a) thoracic cavity volume changes
b) brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract
c) air flows down the pressure gradient
d) dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes

The sequence is b, a, d, c.

Explanation:

Pulmonary ventilation may be defined as be defined as the simple process of intake of oxygen and exhale of carbon dioxide known as breathing. Diaphragm contracts during inspiration and relax during exhalation.

The pulomonary ventilation occurs when the skeletal muscle contraction occur by the stimulation from the brainstem nuclei. This leads to the changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity. The thorax changes its shape by contraction and relaxation, this leads to the pressure change. Then air flows down the pressure gradient.

Thus, the correct sequence is  b, a, d, c.

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"a.) well–developed vascular system."