In humans, albinism is caused by loss-of-function mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of melanin, the dark pigment in skin. only people homozygous for a loss-of-function allele (genotype aa) have the albino phenotype. in americans of northern european ancestry, albino individuals are present at a frequency of about 1 in 10,000 (or 0.0001). assuming that genotypes are in hardy−weinberg equilibrium, what is the predicted frequency of caucasians in the united states who carry a single allele for albinism?

Cladistics is a way of classifying organisms by examining the characteristics of their ancestors and descendants and depicting the relationships in a cladogram. which of the following best describes a challenge in classifying organisms this way? a. there are millions of species on earth, and a cladogram is not a practical means for classifying all of them. b. it is impossible to tell which organisms are most closely related to each other using a cladogram. c. cladograms are detail-oriented and do not provide a useful understanding of evolutionary relationships. d. there is a limited number of ways to organize the information, so most cladograms end up looking very similar.