How has biodiversity been affected in areas where green crabs have been introduced? a. additional predators have migrated into the area to feed on the crabs, causing an increase in predator diversity. b. native shellfish populations have dramatically decreased as they are outcompeted by the crabs, causing a decrease in biodiversity. c. the amount of predation on crabs by seabirds has gone up, but biodiversity has not been affected. d. the overall number of crab species has dramatically increased, increasing overall biodiversity.

emerging idea only occurs as a raw idea that could appear out of nowhere. meanwhile, to reach scientific consensus , that idea must be structured and tested over and over again through various experiments. the scientific consensus transforms the raw idea into idea that is more reliable through the process of scientific elimination.

bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids.

the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.