How are the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle similar in structure and function

The shoulder (pectoral) and pelvic girdles are both structures for limb articulation. The shoulder girdles are to the upper limbs as the pelvic girdle is to the lower limbs. Shoulder girdles connect the upper arms with the axial skeleton and consist of the clavicle and scapula.

The pelvic girdles consist of the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx and are located between the abdomen and the thighs.

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many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.