Preparedness is often linked to the concept of
a. latent learning
b. superstitions
c. phobias
d. learned

The correct answer is letter D.

Preparedness if often linked to the concept of learned helplessness. This is the common adaptive behavior of humans or organisms to certain experiences that have happened before. Usually it is a repeated painful stimuli that an organism has endured many times, which then when presented again, enables the organism to  escape or avoid the situation. In essence, the stimulus is familiar, hence, the organism learns how to prepare for the outcome or consequence.