18. which theorist was generally optimistic about urban life? a. simmel b. wirth c. gans d. berger

a. "Simmel".

Explanation:

Simmel was the identity of the earliest ages of German sociologists: his neo-Kantian way put the organizations for sociological anti-positivism, questioning 'What is a community?' in a straightforward reference to Kant's question 'What is creation? introducing pioneering judgments of cultural uniqueness and fragmentation. For Simmel, culture pointed to "the culture of people through the means of outside forms which have been actualized in the way of antiquity". Simmel addressed social and artistic phenomena in words of "forms" and "contents" with a temporary connection; form maturing content, and vice versa, subordinate on the circumstances. In this thought, he was a messenger to structuralist techniques of thought in the social sciences. With his appearance on the metropolis, Simmel was an ancestor of urban sociology, illustrative interaction-ism, and social channels review.

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stable food supply,social structure, government,religion,culture/art,technology and writing/language;