Participants enter a research study with unique charac- teristics that produce different scores from one person to another. for an independent-measures study, these individual differences can cause problems. identify the problems and briefly explain how they are eliminated or reduced with a repeated-measures study.

One issue with individual differences is that the members in a single gathering might be perceptibly unique (more quick witted, more established, and so forth.) than those in another gathering and these distinctions may clarify why the gatherings have diverse means. This issue is disposed of with a rehashed measures outline in light of the fact that similar people are in the two gatherings. The second issue is that individual contrasts can expand fluctuation. In a repeated measures outline, the individual contrasts are subtracted out of the variance.