the founding fathers gained support for the constitution by promising that
a) all free males would be able to vote.
eliminate
b) the president would be from the south.
c) a bill of rights would be established.
d) citizens would not be required to pay taxes.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

are there actual statements because if not my answer would be: that using the five senses the author can create a sense of worth in an object to appeal to the reader and create meaning.