At the zoo, a chimpanzee has figured out how to use the right kind of stones to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. his problem solving has been shaped by:

Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for a team when games are played at recess. however, he likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does those things. the child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. this is part of the process that charles cooley

Chris, a master at office gossip and innuendo, says, "we know we have a corporate spy someplace in the organization, probably on the management team itself. there is no evidence that it is audrey. in fact, she's too clean, if you know what i mean. somebody should fire audrey; she's got to be the spy." by making this argument chris is actually engaging in (a) an appeal to emotion fallacy (b) a straw man fallacy (c) an appeal to ignorance fallacy (d) circular reasoning (e) an appeal to the mob fallacy

Which of the following events most directly contributed to the establishment of israel as a nation