Refers to the practice of prohibiting or restricting the entry or participation of groups in society. refers to the physical and social separation of ethnic or racial groups. refers to the removal of a group due to direct force or intimidation.

When a group prohibits or restricts the entry or participation of someone is called EXCLUSION.

When there is someone that belongs to a group but is physically or socially separated because of his/her ethnic or racial state is called SEGREGATION.

Finally, when a group removes someone by force or intimidation is called EXPULSION.

Explanation:

Unfortunately in today's society, there are many reason why a person could be excluded, segregated or even expelled from a group or community.

Think about people with different sexual orientation, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, phobias etc. Each of them has to struggle to be accepted and in general there is always people that prove to be intolerant or lacking empathy.

answer; (b) ; /stronger bonds between the nations of africa

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.