In negative self talk, polarizing is when a person
a. focuses only on their problems, ignoring their successes
b. blames themselves for every problem, whether it was their fault or not
c. believes that every situation will end badly
d. see themselves as a failure for not living up to impossible standards

answer; (b) capitalism;

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.