If a juvenile joins a gang in which he achieves his status through violence and toughness, which type of gang is he in according to cloward and ohlin's theory of differential opportunity?

According to Cloward and Ohlin's theory, there are three subcultures juveniles may enter:
Criminal subcultures
Conflict subcultures
Retreatist subcultures

Criminal subcultures gear towards organized crimes, where they commit criminal acts to climb the social ladder in the criminal world and are rewarded through financial means. 

Conflict subcultures on the other hand tend to do less serious crimes, but instead use violence as a way to gain respect.

Retreatist subcultures turn to drugs and alcohol, seeing themselves as rejects.

With that, the answer would be Conflict subcultures or a conflict gang. 

Estúpido vas a la escuela y no te olvides de tomarte una cerveza.

Ithink the answer is d. the lower appellate and trial courts in the state.