Performing library searches that lead us to read lots of different sources (some of which may only be tangentially related to our topic), then reflecting on what we've read, and coming up with new connections and deeper insight: a) is an example of the inefficiency of traditional, pre-internet methods of doing research.
b) characterizes the way most research is done today.
c) is something that can now be accomplished better by Googling.
d) describes the process known as 'marinating'.