Any event that occurs between the first and second measurement period but is not part of the manipulation is referred to as a effect. For example, an unplanned spike in crime, an act of terrorism, or a major weather issue could have impacted the results of the study.

What is the formal role of congress on amending the constitution

Which struggle to place between colonist and soldiers in boston on march 5, 1770

Why does c. wright mills identify critical thinking as one of the most important criteria for the development of intellectual craftsmanship? why is constantly being aware of the biased nature of your reactions and interactions (what c. wright mills calls self-reflexive) key to the development of that critical thinking? finally, why is keeping a file important, how can it lean to intellectual curiosity which can foster critical thinking and to develop a keen analytical mind?