The term demographic transition refers to . a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches its biocapacity

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

explanation:

mali had been a state inside of the ghanaian empire. after ghana fell because of invading forces and internal disputes, mali rose to greatness under the leadership of a legendary king named sundiata, the "lion king." the songhai empire, already weakened by internal political struggles, went into decline.

q1: artillery

q2: simon bolivar

q3:   their workers and farmers demanded a return to spanish rule.

q4: drafted new constitutions

q5: oligarchies have replaced monarchies