By the 1300s, the authority of the Roman Catholic Church was weakening mostly due to strong monarch and governments, leading to conflict, particularly in France. This led to a 67-year exile of popes in France known as A.
the Second Council of Pisa.
B.
the Great Eastern Schism.
C.
the Babylonian Captivity.
D.
the fall of the Roman Empire.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada