James has been working at a restaurant for a couple years. During this time, he has received numerous positive reviews from customers and his coworkers know they can depend on him during busy periods. However, despite his hard work he is still earning the same hourly wage he was when he was first hired. This wage is so low that James is struggling to pay his bills and afford an apartment. While he is experiencing this financial struggle, he sees many customers drive nice cars to the restaurant and hears stories about how many of his coworkers are taking vacations. James’s dissatisfaction with his standard of living is best described as : a. absolute poverty.
b. structural discrimination.
c. relative poverty.
d. anomie.

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. at the trial, donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. he admits that they would drink and use drugs together. one night while partying, donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. the jury convicted donald of manslaughter. who would argue that donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will? a. a rational choice theorist b. a critical criminologist c. a conflict theorist d. a positivist