Even though he did not study properly for his exam, Carlton blames the other students in his study group for his failing grade. This act of shifting negative feelings onto another, acceptable target is called:

Displacement.

Explanation:

In psychology, displacement is a defense mechanism that directs things away from their cause or source and shifts the blame or reason for their occurrence on something else.

This is visible in Carlton's attitud, he did not study well but instead of accepting the blame, he shifted it to another group entirely.

answer; by working independently, the states have a high likelihood of developing innovative solutions that can be employed in other states;

true