What is objectification? A. Labeling a person as important to the continuation of a goal
B. Portraying a race as a threat to a certain way of life
C. Representing a group as existing only to serve a specific purpose
D. All of the above

The answer should be D

Ghana, first of the great medieval trading empires of western africa (fl. 7th–13th century). it was situated between the sahara and the headwaters of the sénégal and niger rivers, in an area that now comprises southeastern mauritania and part of mali.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.