According to modernization theory, social change a. stems from technological change. b. is associated with decreased internal differentiation. c. requires the establishment of an upper class. d. can occur only when internal equality exists

The answer is "Option b".

Explanation:

The theory of modernization focuses on the internal influences and socio-economic sources, including formal education, market economy versus political and secular structures. Social transformations have become increasingly complex, segregated, or efficient. In cultural progress is associated with reduced inner distinction.

the 2nd option is the answer

answer; i believe the correct answer is (a) the correlation between the cause variable and outcome variable is zero;