One reason the renaissance began in italy was that italian city-states
a) defeated the spanish armada
b) were unified as a nation under the pope
c) were unaffected by the commercial revolution
d) dominated key mediterranean trade routes

Pj conducts an experimental study on the effects of soft music during high stakes science testing. he randomly assigns students at the school. in one condition he does not provide music for testing while in the other group he does provide the music. he administers a pretest at the beginning of the year and a posttest at the end of the year. pj’s design is best described as a: a.static group comparisonb. pretest-posttest control group designc.control-group-time-series designd. nonrandomized control-group pretest-posttest design