How is the government supposed to carry out its business? how are laws made?

Seeing as you referenced the government, which is typically used as slang for the federal government, I will assume you are talking about how federal laws are made. A federal law must first be proposed by a congressman. If the house likes the idea, it will go to the proper committee to be discussed. If the committee thinks that it is great, it will be put on the docket to be presented in front of the entire house. If the house likes it and approves it, it will be sent to the other house where the same process will be repeated. If the second house makes any changes, it will need to go back through the first house for approval. After both houses have accepted it, it will be sent to the presidents office. The president now has the option to sign it into law, veto it, or let it sit. If he vetoes it, it goes away. If he signs it into law, it becomes a law. If he lets it rest, if congress is in session, it automatically becomes a law, but if congress is not in session, it is killed.